Expert insights. Personalized for you.
In the process of looking at ways to improve the design of courses, the starting point is good objectives. We then need good processes, so I’ve talked to a couple of educational institutions doing competencies, to see what could be learned. And it’s clear that while there’s no turnkey approach, what’s emerging is a process with some specific elements. MORE
What are the implications of having an overwhelming array of tools and processes to help manage an overwhelming volume of tasks / activities? Unfortunately an all too common excessive obsession with efficiency, a desire to engineer all processes, and a wish to eliminate all uncertainty and complexity is not only burning out human resources but it's introducing risks into operating environments. MORE
** Last Day to Register for our 2-Day Sensory Processing Webinar with Drs. Interesting study that shows that the lines between sensory processing, emotional processing, and behavior are continuing to blur. MORE
And part of it is in the knowledge and skills of the designers, but it’s also in the process. ADDIE isn’t inherently linear, certainly as it has evolved, but in many ways it makes it easy to make it a one-pass process. Putting in place processes that only use formal learning when it makes sense, and then doing it right when it does make sense, is key to putting L&D on a path to relevancy. MORE
In Sense-making with PKM I described some personal knowledge management processes using various web tools. The overall process consists of four internal actions (Sort, Categorize, Retrieve, Make Explicit) and three externally focused ones (Connect, Contribute, Exchange). MORE
Yesterday, a Coursera course was closed after the first week of delivery. 40,000 students were left somewhat confused. I posted a few thoughts on this on our xeducation site. The interesting stuff is in the comments and that’s what I’d like to emphasize here. MORE
Process. The post Editing, process, topics, and other reflections appeared first on Learnlets. My lass let me know there was a typo in my recent post on Transformation. I’m thrilled that she’s reading them (!), but she triggered many thoughts about my writing approach. MORE
Recently, I’ve run into the claim that images are processed 60K times faster than text. Just search on “images processed 60K times faster than text” You’ll get lots of citations, and a few debunkings. In use, words are practiced enough to be recognized as a whole, serving as icons; they’re not repeatedly processed from letters into words. The post Images processed 60K faster? MORE
Key to the agile approach is the involvement of the product’s target end-users early in the process to make sure that the product under development is responsive to their requirements. . In legacy applications, testing is focused on logic and feature operation, both of which are quite finite,” noted John Bates , Adobe’s Director of Product Management. “However, with AI-powered applications, the testing process must fundamentally change. MORE
I think supporting performance is important, and that we don’t do enough with models in formal learning. To me, another interesting opportunity that’s being missed is the intersection of the two. Gloria Gery’s original vision of electronic performance support systems was that not only would they help you perform but they’d also develop your understanding so you’d need them less and less. I’ve never seen that in practice, sad to say. MORE
I’ve been thinking a lot about processing in learning of late; what processing matters, when, and why. This is my processing! :). We know processing is useful. One of the questions is “what sort of retrieval (or processing)?” MORE
Process improvement, like Six Sigma, stifles innovation. Process improvement is a tool set, not an overarching or unifying concept for an organization. Process improvement is a means — for certain contexts like manufacturing — and not an end in itself. The fundamental problem with all process improvement methodologies is that you get myopic. “But simply following the steps of a process is no longer a guarantee of success, if it ever was. MORE
So, a few weeks ago I ran a survey asking about elearning processes*, and it’s time to look at the results (I’ve closed it). eLearning process is something I’m suggesting is ripe for change, and I thought it appropriate to see what people thoughts. taking orders), ‘getting from SMEs’, and ‘using a process’ These are clearly in ascending order of appropriateness. MORE
In thinking about the benefits of adding social to formal learning for a presentation I’ll be giving, I realized that the main reason to extend social activities into formal learning is for the additional processing it provides. While there is processing individually, social interaction provides more opportunities. The types of learning processing that matter for learning are personalizing, elaborating, and applying. There are additional processing benefits here. MORE
I’ve been wrestling with a thought lately – if organizations are complex systems, and complex systems are continuously self-organizing, then why do we believe formal processes make these complex systems more efficient? Worse, when an organization is in need, why do we engage in process improvement – when what may be needed is process reduction or elimination? This is not the first paragraph to question process improvement, this is not some original Eureka moment. MORE
And it made me wonder, should there be competencies for processes as well? That is, should your survey validation process, or your design process, also meet some minimum standards? So does it make sense to have processes meet minimum standards? One of the things I do is help orgs fine-tune their design processes. It’s not about trying to get folks to totally revamp their processes (which is a path to failure). Processes in education. MORE
The theme of design was always there from the intiail conception, but the increasing comodisation of design into the linera process of much design thinking creating a context for the programme. We need to look at a non-linear process, one which engages a wider group of people. MORE
I was reminded of IBM’s e-business strategy when recently reading about Robotic Process Automation (RPA), a technology for automating business processes based on emulating the manual actions of a human at a keyboard. Most jobs involve a number of different tasks or processes. MORE
I’ve talked previously about social processing, so I’m going to focus specifically on individual processing. So, for instance, coloring a poster with the associated words doesn’t do the necessary processing, you need to activate the necessary concepts with connections to relevant things. You need to semantically process the terms again and again. So can we start focusing on learning activities that generate meaningful processing? MORE
In reflecting on the presentation I gave earlier this week, I realize that I didn’t make it clear that just making it social will make activities lead to better processing. First, the assignment itself needs to be designed to involve valuable processing activities. I’m glad they did, as I was able to develop a set of guidelines for them that subsequently smoothed the process. MORE
The June issue of the neuroscience journal Brain has an amazing cover showing “increasingly bizarre and menacing caricatures by an artist with frontotemporal lobar degeneration during the course of his illness” The caption reads: From left, the first picture drawn many years before his illness; the middle pair in the first 2 years of dementia; and that on the right at least 3 years into the illness. MORE
Along the way, it provides useful coverage of topics like shared representations, process, and the value of project management. At the recent Distance Teaching & Learning Conference I keynoted at, I met up with Jon Aleckson who, among other things, provided me a copy of his new book MindMeld. As the subtitle tells you, the book is about “micro collaboration between elearning designers and instructor experts&#. MORE
I was talking to the ADL Mobile folks about mobile design processes, and as usual I was going on about how mobile is not the sweet spot for courses (augmenting yes, full delivery no). When tablets are acting more like a laptop, sure, but otherwise. I had suggested that the real mobile opportunities are using sensors to do contextual things, and and I also opined that we really don’t have an instructional design model that adequately addresses taking context into account. MORE
One of the most important such lenses is the impact of IT on business processes, that is, on how work is actually done across the various functions of an organization. . Examining the impact of IT over the past several decades through a process point of view, one can identify three distinct phases: first came process automation in the early years of IT, followed around the 1990s by enterprise-wide process reengineering and management. Business process automation. MORE
In an earlier post , I tried to convey the advantages of social activities in formal learning from the cognitive processing perspective, but my diagram apparently didn’t work for everyone. And you do some processing to generate that product. Then, if someone actually reads it, they do some processing. If they write a response, they do more processing to crystalize their thoughts. Then, the author, when reading it, also does some more processing. MORE
One of the most important such lenses is the impact of IT on business processes, that is, on how work is actually done across the various functions of an organization. . Examining the impact of IT over the past several decades through a process point of view, one can identify three distinct phases: first came process automation in the early years of IT, followed around the 1990s by enterprise-wide process reengineering and management. Business process automation. MORE
Like many with visual processing disorders, Dr. Barry heard the old saw that she was past the critical period for retraining her vision, and that nothing could be done to recover it, but frustrated by increasing vision problems in her 40's, she went to see a behavioral optometrist. MORE
Picking up on yesterdays post on ABIDE. As I suspected forcing myself to teach the idea produced some innovation and resolution of problems. Thinking back nearly everything original I have developed (including the various Cynefin representations) have been achieved on my feet in front of an audience. Some people are visual thinkers, some written, I think I reflect the oral tradition I come from, the interaction with an audience opens up new channels of thinking. MORE
And it was only then that I started to do well." - Roger Penrose, mathematical physicist On the WISC-IV, the most commonly used general ability or IQ test here in the US, the processing speed index is comprised from Symbol Search (a visual search task) and Coding (a visual symbol copying task). MORE
Disabilities that occur often without obvious physical signs, like sensory processing disorders or dyslexia, are often harder to 'prove', harder to qualify for accommodations, and often faulted as being due to laziness, poor effort or motivation, or retardation. MORE
In reading another post pointed to by Cammy Bean, I see a cogent discussion of how processes can be stifling or supportive. The point being, that the processes we learn are scaffolds for performance. Used inappropriately, we pay lip service to the stages, doing the same cookie-cutter process we butcher when we do bad ID. I come to check briefly on what’s happening, late on an evening, and find a flurry of discussion that prompts reflection. MORE
Consultants Howard Smith and Peter Fingar shot back a month later with a paperback retort entitled IT Doesn’t Matter – Business Processes Do. In 120 pages, Smith and Fingar skewer Carr, show why IT will matter more than ever, and explain how business process management creates riches. As long as there’s innovation, there’s room for making processes better. To optimize a process, the right hand must know what the left is doing. MORE
Announcement: ** Sign Up is now Open** Eides/ Biel Sensory Processing Online Webinar Nov 12th & 13th 2009 Drs. Recent advances in sensory processing research are providing insights into why child and adults suffer troubling sensory sensitivities and behaviors. MORE
My interest is in finding out about the processes used in designing and delivering elearning. In the interests of understanding where the market is, I’m looking to benchmark where organizations are. Sure, there are other data points, but I have my own questions I would like to get answered. So I’ve created a quick survey of seven questions (thanks, SurveyMonkey) I’d love for you to fill out. MORE
Can innovation be promoted through better processes? I have not been able to find any regular correllation between well adopted innovation processes and actual innovation outcomes, and I’ve been looking pretty hard. I want every knowledge worker to discover his or her own processes. Empowering knowledge artisans to use their own cognitive tools creates an environment of experimentation, instead of adherence to established processes. MORE
Tags: sound sensitivity fMRI auditory processing MORE
This one is on the news as a process — never done, never entirely right. Terry’s process view of the news is helpful because it reminds us that a news story is messily spread over time, with many hands touching, and thus contradicts the ol’ writing-boom-published timeline of yore. Nah, the news is always in process. The river of news as it flows past us is part of a continuing process, which has shape and some persistence because it is a network. MORE
I was thinking about a talk on mobile I’m going to be giving, and realized that mobile is really about personal processing. So the question then became “what doesn’t make sense on a mobile” And my thought was that industrial strength processing doesn’t make sense on a mobile. So, for instance, while word processing isn’t really CPU intensive, for some reason mobile word processors don’t seamlessly integrate outlining. MORE
We don't design the outcome, we design the processes of interaction and monitor for emergence. Coevolution in biology occurs when two parties exert selective evolutionary pressures on each other as a result of which they are changed. Once that change happens, it cannot be reversed and there are many examples in nature. Birds and flowers (illustrated), host and symbiote and so on. MORE
I’ve been wrestling with a thought lately – if organizations are complex systems, and complex systems are continuously self-organizing, then why do we believe formal processes make these complex systems more efficient? MORE
It seems that Stephen Downes isn’t enamoured with my PKM process : My first thought was, do I do it this way? Take what you need, as there are no “best practices&# for complex and personal learning processes. MORE
And that larger sense of advice seems to me not to be a self-contained activity, but a process and a social interaction. Marginal Revolution has a terrific post about giving advice. I find myself conflicted about the topic. Although I am an occasional consultant and adviser, I don’t think of myself as giving advice. MORE
What I’m looking for is ways to get learners to do processing in ways that will assist their ability to do. It has learners monitor the process, and then they can turn that on themselves to become self-monitoring. This processing of the rules in context exposes the underlying issues in important ways. Rather than present them with the models, I’m again looking for more meaningful processing. MORE
Process Related Topics Clark Quinn
OCTOBER 18, 2018
I’ve been thinking a lot about processing in learning of late; what processing matters, when, and why. This is my processing! :). We know processing is useful. One of the questions is “what sort of retrieval (or processing)?”
Harold Jarche
SEPTEMBER 4, 2019
Process improvement, like Six Sigma, stifles innovation. Process improvement is a tool set, not an overarching or unifying concept for an organization. Process improvement is a means — for certain contexts like manufacturing — and not an end in itself. The fundamental problem with all process improvement methodologies is that you get myopic. “But simply following the steps of a process is no longer a guarantee of success, if it ever was.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Clark Quinn
MAY 1, 2019
And it made me wonder, should there be competencies for processes as well? That is, should your survey validation process, or your design process, also meet some minimum standards? So does it make sense to have processes meet minimum standards? One of the things I do is help orgs fine-tune their design processes. It’s not about trying to get folks to totally revamp their processes (which is a path to failure). Processes in education.
Dave Snowden
JULY 16, 2018
The theme of design was always there from the intiail conception, but the increasing comodisation of design into the linera process of much design thinking creating a context for the programme. We need to look at a non-linear process, one which engages a wider group of people.
Clark Quinn
JANUARY 28, 2020
Recently, I’ve run into the claim that images are processed 60K times faster than text. Just search on “images processed 60K times faster than text” You’ll get lots of citations, and a few debunkings. In use, words are practiced enough to be recognized as a whole, serving as icons; they’re not repeatedly processed from letters into words. The post Images processed 60K faster?
Clark Quinn
JUNE 26, 2015
I was thinking about a talk on mobile I’m going to be giving, and realized that mobile is really about personal processing. So the question then became “what doesn’t make sense on a mobile” And my thought was that industrial strength processing doesn’t make sense on a mobile. So, for instance, while word processing isn’t really CPU intensive, for some reason mobile word processors don’t seamlessly integrate outlining.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 2, 2018
One of the most important such lenses is the impact of IT on business processes, that is, on how work is actually done across the various functions of an organization. . Examining the impact of IT over the past several decades through a process point of view, one can identify three distinct phases: first came process automation in the early years of IT, followed around the 1990s by enterprise-wide process reengineering and management. Business process automation.
Clark Quinn
NOVEMBER 27, 2018
Process. The post Editing, process, topics, and other reflections appeared first on Learnlets. My lass let me know there was a typo in my recent post on Transformation. I’m thrilled that she’s reading them (!), but she triggered many thoughts about my writing approach.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
AUGUST 6, 2018
I was reminded of IBM’s e-business strategy when recently reading about Robotic Process Automation (RPA), a technology for automating business processes based on emulating the manual actions of a human at a keyboard. Most jobs involve a number of different tasks or processes.
Clark Quinn
NOVEMBER 4, 2015
In the process of looking at ways to improve the design of courses, the starting point is good objectives. We then need good processes, so I’ve talked to a couple of educational institutions doing competencies, to see what could be learned. And it’s clear that while there’s no turnkey approach, what’s emerging is a process with some specific elements.
Clark Quinn
SEPTEMBER 6, 2011
In an earlier post , I tried to convey the advantages of social activities in formal learning from the cognitive processing perspective, but my diagram apparently didn’t work for everyone. And you do some processing to generate that product. Then, if someone actually reads it, they do some processing. If they write a response, they do more processing to crystalize their thoughts. Then, the author, when reading it, also does some more processing.
Clark Quinn
SEPTEMBER 14, 2011
I’ve talked previously about social processing, so I’m going to focus specifically on individual processing. So, for instance, coloring a poster with the associated words doesn’t do the necessary processing, you need to activate the necessary concepts with connections to relevant things. You need to semantically process the terms again and again. So can we start focusing on learning activities that generate meaningful processing?
Clark Quinn
OCTOBER 14, 2014
What I’m looking for is ways to get learners to do processing in ways that will assist their ability to do. It has learners monitor the process, and then they can turn that on themselves to become self-monitoring. This processing of the rules in context exposes the underlying issues in important ways. Rather than present them with the models, I’m again looking for more meaningful processing.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 2, 2018
One of the most important such lenses is the impact of IT on business processes, that is, on how work is actually done across the various functions of an organization. . Examining the impact of IT over the past several decades through a process point of view, one can identify three distinct phases: first came process automation in the early years of IT, followed around the 1990s by enterprise-wide process reengineering and management. Business process automation.
Clark Quinn
MAY 30, 2011
I think supporting performance is important, and that we don’t do enough with models in formal learning. To me, another interesting opportunity that’s being missed is the intersection of the two. Gloria Gery’s original vision of electronic performance support systems was that not only would they help you perform but they’d also develop your understanding so you’d need them less and less. I’ve never seen that in practice, sad to say.
Clark Quinn
JUNE 21, 2016
So, a few weeks ago I ran a survey asking about elearning processes*, and it’s time to look at the results (I’ve closed it). eLearning process is something I’m suggesting is ripe for change, and I thought it appropriate to see what people thoughts. taking orders), ‘getting from SMEs’, and ‘using a process’ These are clearly in ascending order of appropriateness.
Clark Quinn
JUNE 1, 2016
My interest is in finding out about the processes used in designing and delivering elearning. In the interests of understanding where the market is, I’m looking to benchmark where organizations are. Sure, there are other data points, but I have my own questions I would like to get answered. So I’ve created a quick survey of seven questions (thanks, SurveyMonkey) I’d love for you to fill out.
Martijn Linssen
APRIL 4, 2011
I’ve been wrestling with a thought lately – if organizations are complex systems, and complex systems are continuously self-organizing, then why do we believe formal processes make these complex systems more efficient?
Clark Quinn
JANUARY 14, 2015
And part of it is in the knowledge and skills of the designers, but it’s also in the process. ADDIE isn’t inherently linear, certainly as it has evolved, but in many ways it makes it easy to make it a one-pass process. Putting in place processes that only use formal learning when it makes sense, and then doing it right when it does make sense, is key to putting L&D on a path to relevancy.
Eide Neurolearning
NOVEMBER 15, 2010
And it was only then that I started to do well." - Roger Penrose, mathematical physicist On the WISC-IV, the most commonly used general ability or IQ test here in the US, the processing speed index is comprised from Symbol Search (a visual search task) and Coding (a visual symbol copying task).
Dave Snowden
MAY 9, 2012
Picking up on yesterdays post on ABIDE. As I suspected forcing myself to teach the idea produced some innovation and resolution of problems. Thinking back nearly everything original I have developed (including the various Cynefin representations) have been achieved on my feet in front of an audience. Some people are visual thinkers, some written, I think I reflect the oral tradition I come from, the interaction with an audience opens up new channels of thinking.
George Siemens
FEBRUARY 3, 2013
Yesterday, a Coursera course was closed after the first week of delivery. 40,000 students were left somewhat confused. I posted a few thoughts on this on our xeducation site. The interesting stuff is in the comments and that’s what I’d like to emphasize here.
Dave Snowden
FEBRUARY 7, 2013
We don't design the outcome, we design the processes of interaction and monitor for emergence. Coevolution in biology occurs when two parties exert selective evolutionary pressures on each other as a result of which they are changed. Once that change happens, it cannot be reversed and there are many examples in nature. Birds and flowers (illustrated), host and symbiote and so on.
Dave Snowden
MARCH 14, 2015
What are the implications of having an overwhelming array of tools and processes to help manage an overwhelming volume of tasks / activities? Unfortunately an all too common excessive obsession with efficiency, a desire to engineer all processes, and a wish to eliminate all uncertainty and complexity is not only burning out human resources but it's introducing risks into operating environments.
Eide Neurolearning
OCTOBER 12, 2009
Disabilities that occur often without obvious physical signs, like sensory processing disorders or dyslexia, are often harder to 'prove', harder to qualify for accommodations, and often faulted as being due to laziness, poor effort or motivation, or retardation.
Jay Cross
APRIL 9, 2013
Consultants Howard Smith and Peter Fingar shot back a month later with a paperback retort entitled IT Doesn’t Matter – Business Processes Do. In 120 pages, Smith and Fingar skewer Carr, show why IT will matter more than ever, and explain how business process management creates riches. As long as there’s innovation, there’s room for making processes better. To optimize a process, the right hand must know what the left is doing.
Clark Quinn
AUGUST 27, 2010
In reflecting on the presentation I gave earlier this week, I realize that I didn’t make it clear that just making it social will make activities lead to better processing. First, the assignment itself needs to be designed to involve valuable processing activities. I’m glad they did, as I was able to develop a set of guidelines for them that subsequently smoothed the process.
Clark Quinn
AUGUST 23, 2011
Along the way, it provides useful coverage of topics like shared representations, process, and the value of project management. At the recent Distance Teaching & Learning Conference I keynoted at, I met up with Jon Aleckson who, among other things, provided me a copy of his new book MindMeld. As the subtitle tells you, the book is about “micro collaboration between elearning designers and instructor experts&#.
Clark Quinn
NOVEMBER 12, 2013
I was talking to the ADL Mobile folks about mobile design processes, and as usual I was going on about how mobile is not the sweet spot for courses (augmenting yes, full delivery no). When tablets are acting more like a laptop, sure, but otherwise. I had suggested that the real mobile opportunities are using sensors to do contextual things, and and I also opined that we really don’t have an instructional design model that adequately addresses taking context into account.
Harold Jarche
JULY 21, 2009
It seems that Stephen Downes isn’t enamoured with my PKM process : My first thought was, do I do it this way? Take what you need, as there are no “best practices&# for complex and personal learning processes.
Clark Quinn
SEPTEMBER 9, 2009
In reading another post pointed to by Cammy Bean, I see a cogent discussion of how processes can be stifling or supportive. The point being, that the processes we learn are scaffolds for performance. Used inappropriately, we pay lip service to the stages, doing the same cookie-cutter process we butcher when we do bad ID. I come to check briefly on what’s happening, late on an evening, and find a flurry of discussion that prompts reflection.
David Weinberger
JANUARY 8, 2010
And that larger sense of advice seems to me not to be a self-contained activity, but a process and a social interaction. Marginal Revolution has a terrific post about giving advice. I find myself conflicted about the topic. Although I am an occasional consultant and adviser, I don’t think of myself as giving advice.
Harold Jarche
OCTOBER 23, 2012
Can innovation be promoted through better processes? I have not been able to find any regular correllation between well adopted innovation processes and actual innovation outcomes, and I’ve been looking pretty hard. I want every knowledge worker to discover his or her own processes. Empowering knowledge artisans to use their own cognitive tools creates an environment of experimentation, instead of adherence to established processes.
Eide Neurolearning
JUNE 1, 2009
Like many with visual processing disorders, Dr. Barry heard the old saw that she was past the critical period for retraining her vision, and that nothing could be done to recover it, but frustrated by increasing vision problems in her 40's, she went to see a behavioral optometrist.
Eide Neurolearning
JULY 25, 2009
Tags: sound sensitivity fMRI auditory processing
Harold Jarche
JULY 20, 2009
In Sense-making with PKM I described some personal knowledge management processes using various web tools. The overall process consists of four internal actions (Sort, Categorize, Retrieve, Make Explicit) and three externally focused ones (Connect, Contribute, Exchange).
Martijn Linssen
APRIL 4, 2011
I’ve been wrestling with a thought lately – if organizations are complex systems, and complex systems are continuously self-organizing, then why do we believe formal processes make these complex systems more efficient? Worse, when an organization is in need, why do we engage in process improvement – when what may be needed is process reduction or elimination? This is not the first paragraph to question process improvement, this is not some original Eureka moment.
Eide Neurolearning
OCTOBER 5, 2009
Announcement: ** Sign Up is now Open** Eides/ Biel Sensory Processing Online Webinar Nov 12th & 13th 2009 Drs. Recent advances in sensory processing research are providing insights into why child and adults suffer troubling sensory sensitivities and behaviors.
Mind Hacks
JUNE 20, 2012
The June issue of the neuroscience journal Brain has an amazing cover showing “increasingly bizarre and menacing caricatures by an artist with frontotemporal lobar degeneration during the course of his illness” The caption reads: From left, the first picture drawn many years before his illness; the middle pair in the first 2 years of dementia; and that on the right at least 3 years into the illness.
Eide Neurolearning
NOVEMBER 9, 2009
** Last Day to Register for our 2-Day Sensory Processing Webinar with Drs. Interesting study that shows that the lines between sensory processing, emotional processing, and behavior are continuing to blur.
David Weinberger
JULY 6, 2009
This one is on the news as a process — never done, never entirely right. Terry’s process view of the news is helpful because it reminds us that a news story is messily spread over time, with many hands touching, and thus contradicts the ol’ writing-boom-published timeline of yore. Nah, the news is always in process. The river of news as it flows past us is part of a continuing process, which has shape and some persistence because it is a network.
Clark Quinn
AUGUST 17, 2010
In thinking about the benefits of adding social to formal learning for a presentation I’ll be giving, I realized that the main reason to extend social activities into formal learning is for the additional processing it provides. While there is processing individually, social interaction provides more opportunities. The types of learning processing that matter for learning are personalizing, elaborating, and applying. There are additional processing benefits here.
134 
Let's personalize your content