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It succinctly defines blockchain as “a shared, decentralized, cryptographically secured, and immutable digital ledger,” and then adds a few key attributes that are particularly important to enterprise blockchains: Accountability. Security. “Enterprise blockchains are fault-tolerant. But, to keep InternetOne as simple and flexible as possible, just about everything else, - including identity and security management, - became the responsibility of the applications in InternetTwo. MORE
The framework includes five categories of skills: communicating, collaborating and sharing online; handling information and content securely; buying, selling and managing transactions; finding solutions to problems using digital tools; and being safe and legal online. MORE
In a world that’s increasingly governed by digital transactions and data, our existing methods for managing security and privacy are no longer adequate. But, it’s a highly complex and interesting subject. the primer starts out by asking. “In an increasingly borderless and digital world, privacy and security cannot be ensured through the construction of walls around sensitive information. MORE
Conducted by Gallup in partnership with the MetLife Foundation and the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors , the study aimed to develop two key financial measures: how secure do people feel around the world, and how much control and influence they believe they have over their financial situations. MORE
First, blockchain technologies can help us enhance the security of Internet transactions and data, by developing a layer with the required standard services and their open source implementations for secure communication, storage and data access. MORE
On December 1 the Commission issued its final Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. The interconnectedness and openness made possible by the Internet and broader digital ecosystem create unparalleled value for society,” notes the report in its Executive Summary. “But these same qualities make securing today’s cyber landscape difficult. Why wasn’t stronger security designed into the original Internet infrastructure? MORE
The workshop explored how design-oriented approaches can help us better understand and deal with the very complex problems we are increasingly encountering in all aspects of business, economies, government, public policy, military operations and society in general. Some of the areas explored by the Forum are emerging technologies, organizational development, economic competition, and the changing concept of security. MORE
The Times’ Paywall and Newsletter Economics » The Collapse of Complex Business Models. In 1988, Joseph Tainter wrote a chilling book called The Collapse of Complex Societies. Every one of those groups had rich traditions, complex social structures, advanced technology, but despite their sophistication, they collapsed, impoverishing and scattering their citizens and leaving little but future archeological sites as evidence of previous greatness. Clay Shirky. MORE
AI has the potential to significantly advance national security. The report recommends that national security agencies adopt AI-enabled systems in key areas where AI can help them better understand and execute their missions. Apply AI to National Security Missions. MORE
Those who were more secure in their relationships reacted in the opposite way – they remembered mum as being closer and more caring when they took the oxytocin. Not Exactly Rocket Science elegantly covers a new study that counters the tired ‘love drug’ stereotype associated with the hormone oxytocin. MORE
Teachers and many parents understand that children’s development is far too complex to capture with an hour or two taking a standardized test. The proper way to conduct ourselves in the complex domain is through experiments. Every fortnight I curate some of the observations and insights that were shared on social media. I call these Friday’s Finds. hrheingold : “Don’t refuse to believe; refuse to start out believing.” ” #crapdetection. MORE
At that level the concept of intractable problems for which there is no obvious solution is common place so many of the complexity messages fall onto fertile ground. The post Security? I had three presentations today and my voice held up, just. I’ve had a bad cold for weeks and jumping time zones is not the best way to shake that off. But I fell back on a trusted recipe of lemsip, whisky, throat sweets and a degree of self-delusion as to my condition. MORE
Rather than keeping the data siloed within the institution that collected it, a variety of institutions share and exchange the critical data required to validate identities in a secure, decentralized manner without the need for large central platforms. MORE
Many company leaders have encountered major roadblocks along their path toward cloud or have gotten cold feet once they questioned its impact on costs, security, latency, and more. Security of in-house data centers is superior to the security on cloud. MORE
Here’s what I’m up to this week - today prepping for the FAO/CGIAR/BIOVERSITY/WFP/IFAD joint 3 day knowledge Share Fair, with a close focus on KS in global development as it relates to agriculture and food security. One of the activities is a 90 second challenge to talk about what IS Knowledge Sharing… “Knowledge sharing is necessary to do complex work in a complex world&#. MORE
Beyond GDP, it highlights the importance to society of providing workers with well-paying, reasonably secure, motivating jobs. Any definition presupposes a set of values about what matters – sustainability for some, productivity or security for others. MORE
The background: A gentleman who makes a living “reducing complexity” for IT systems keeps running into some of us on Twitter who study complexity. The ask: There is a group of complexity aficionados that criticize my use of the word “complexity.” ” In general, these are folks who are influenced by the Cynefin framework that considers complexity and complicated to be different attributes of a system. The Emergence of Complexity. MORE
must innovate to rebalance the desire of employers for low-cost, minimal commitment, and maximal flexibility, with the necessity that workers receive fair treatment, reasonable compensation, and a measure of economic security. MORE
Things are even tougher with people-centric sociotechnical systems, which not only have to deal with potential software problems, but with the even more complex issues involved in human behaviors and interactions. And, at the bleeding-edges of complexity are data-driven AI systems , which are generally based on statistical analysis and machine learning methods. . What is it that makes these systems so intrinsically complex? What purpose does this complexity serve? MORE
Contributing factors include expanding networks, growing e-commerce, complex software, greater pressure to reduce time to market, and the ubiquity of computers. A system is only as secure as its weakest point. Feynman also got involved in safe-cracking - he would try to find patterns in the security. From a security implementor's point of view - stupid defenses only keep out stupid attackers. Planning for security in the design stage is rarely done. MORE
While business and government have clearly different objectives, many of the challenges involved in managing a complex, fast changing organization are similar. If large global companies have had to embrace a more distributed management style, why not large, complex governments? He believes that a number of key responsibilities must remain with the federal government, including Social Security and Medicare benefits. “. Your social security number is good anywhere.”. MORE
With this innovation trajectory, security and confidentiality become even more important… As with health care, ‘informed consent’ becomes more important as recommenders grow more powerful, pervasive, and predictive.”. MORE
Returning yesterday from my first TedX in Cyprus I was chatting with Sonja Blignaut about some upcoming activities and differences between approaches to sense-making and complexity. Now it is an understandable issue; if you work for yourself then securing revenue is as vital and shooting, or failing to rehire the messenger is all to frequent. In a complex system we: start journeys with a general sense of direction but without precise targets. MORE
On September 9, Apple announced Apple Pay , an easy, secure way to make mobile payments using their latest devices , - the iPhone 6’s and Apple Watch. Apple Pay is embracing a number of industry standards , including NFC (near-field communications) for contact-less payments; Secure Element , a dedicated device chip; and network-based tokenization to protect sensitive financial data. MORE
Juliette Kayyem , a former Boston Globe columnist, a commentator, Homeland Security advisor to Gov. Deval Patrick, and a former candidate for governor of Massachusetts, is giving a Shorenstein Center talk about how to talk with the public about security issues. Juliette oversaw the local Homeland Security response to the Marathon Bombing and had participated in the security planning. She learned that last lesson from her security experience. MORE
The key question is whether government and industry can collaborate successfully in a complex regulatory environment. The challenge is how to minimize the privacy and security risk without compromising health care. As the keynote said, you can paralyze the good stuff by trying to secure everything. In Canada - here is no legislation to inform people about breaches of security - in the U.S. They need help on security, compliance, risk management,etc. MORE
Home Archives Subscribe « Welcome to Adam Smiths World | Main | Social networks and Organizational Governance » October 08, 2007 The Complex Chemistry between Brands and Customers - Some Personal Experiences People have very complex relationships with companies and the products and services they offer. " The relationship between a brand and its customers is a complex one indeed, full of emotional connections and chemistry. MORE
These included a significant expansion of government support for scientific research in universities and R&D labs, leading to product innovations from the private sector and better weapons from the defense industry, - and making the US the most prosperous and secure nation in the world. MORE
Mental health conditions now account for 35 percent of claims for Supplemental Security Income or Disability I nsurance.”. Complex Systems Diversity Economic Issues Education and Talent Healthcare Systems Management and Leadership Media and Communications Political Issues Society and Culture MORE
Good design aims to make our interactions with complex products and institutions, - e.g., a business, a healthcare provider, a classroom, a government function, - as appealing and intuitive as possible. MORE
While the skeptics’ concerns, - security, reliability, privacy, costs and others, - are quite real, the hardest part of implementing cloud strategies has little to do with technology. Cloud computing is a highly complex initiative - at the technical, business and organizational levels. And, one of the key lessons we all hopefully learned from the dot-com era is that complex, global initiatives take time. In June of 2008 I participated in a conference on cloud computing. MORE
In the presentation I used a quote from T S Eliot which I found the other day and which is apposite to the current state of affairs in complexity theory. Nothing pleases people more than to go on thinking what they have always thought, and at the same time imagine that they are thinking something new and daring: it combines the advantage of security and the delight of adventure. We see a lot of work here on complexity modelling and the like. MORE
Ensure security, privacy, autonomy, and citizen-owned identities. In a world increasingly driven by digital transactions and data, our existing methods for managing security, privacy , and digital identities are far from adequate. MORE
The article makes a strong case for flexicurity - shorthand for flexible security, - a social model from the Nordic countries which aims to achieve both flexibility in labor markets and security for workers. Like me, many workers enjoyed relatively secure, stable jobs and a number of company benefits, including health care insurance, vacations and retirement pensions. Entrepreneurship and flexible security. MORE
Remediate and adapt : “Identify shortcomings in existing IT environments such as decision support systems, remote work, and business/IT resiliency as well as addressing shortcomings in areas such as connectivity/security introduced during initial emergency responses.”. MORE
Complex, new problems need tacit and implicit knowledge to solve them. So if you are in a complex situation, like a pandemic, you need to have exceptions front-of-mind. The easy route is to just comply, as we have been doing with ‘security theatre’ at airports for years. MORE
A firms is best viewed as a kind-of rather large and highly complex family. We also form companies and other such organizations to get things done in our work, especially more complex objectives that require the collective skills of multiple people. We depend on colleagues to do well in our jobs, and to achieve whatever professional recognition and financial security we are after. MORE
As firms increasingly rely on supply chain partners for many of the functions once done in-house, managing their increasingly complex operations across a network of interconnected institutions has become major challenge. MORE
To reach a higher level of privacy and security, we need to establish a trusted data ecosystem for each kind of identity, which requires the exchange and sharing of data across a variety of institutions. MORE
Still, it is relevant to the group and context it came from and valuable in its connection with a complex of personal experiences. This may be particularly strong for younger people, although fewer of those participated in this collection, so a secure trend cannot be established. MORE
Blockchains support the secure exchange of value in the form of tokens. “Tokens might function as digital representations of physical assets, as a reward mechanism to incentivize network participants, or to enable the creation and exchange of new forms of value.”. MORE
The Task Force noted that leadership in innovation, research and technology since World War II has made the US the most secure and economically prosperous nation on earth. economic competitiveness and national security.”. MORE
“I suspect that the clean, uncomplicated notions put forward in the book [Organizing for Complexity, by Frédéric Laloux] will be undone by context, the actual details of implementation and to a large extent power-dynamics (for example, autocratic ‘Teal’ leaders making ‘non-Teal’ people do things they don’t want to do). And like all instruments it appeals to a certain instrumental logic, one that craves a simpler world and shies away from complexity. MORE
They generally exhibit a level of complexity that is often beyond our ability to understand and control. Not only do they have to deal with the complexities associated with large scale hardware and software infrastructures, but with the even more complex issues involved in human and organizational behaviors. . A few weeks ago, MIT professor Joseph Sussman addressed these issues in a lecture - Complex Sociotechnical Systems: The Case for a New Field of Study. MORE
Dave Snowden
FEBRUARY 27, 2017
At that level the concept of intractable problems for which there is no obvious solution is common place so many of the complexity messages fall onto fertile ground. The post Security? I had three presentations today and my voice held up, just. I’ve had a bad cold for weeks and jumping time zones is not the best way to shake that off. But I fell back on a trusted recipe of lemsip, whisky, throat sweets and a degree of self-delusion as to my condition.
Dave Snowden
JUNE 5, 2013
In the presentation I used a quote from T S Eliot which I found the other day and which is apposite to the current state of affairs in complexity theory. Nothing pleases people more than to go on thinking what they have always thought, and at the same time imagine that they are thinking something new and daring: it combines the advantage of security and the delight of adventure. We see a lot of work here on complexity modelling and the like.
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Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JANUARY 13, 2020
The Task Force noted that leadership in innovation, research and technology since World War II has made the US the most secure and economically prosperous nation on earth. economic competitiveness and national security.”.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JANUARY 2, 2017
On December 1 the Commission issued its final Report on Securing and Growing the Digital Economy. The interconnectedness and openness made possible by the Internet and broader digital ecosystem create unparalleled value for society,” notes the report in its Executive Summary. “But these same qualities make securing today’s cyber landscape difficult. Why wasn’t stronger security designed into the original Internet infrastructure?
Harold Jarche
AUGUST 28, 2015
Teachers and many parents understand that children’s development is far too complex to capture with an hour or two taking a standardized test. The proper way to conduct ourselves in the complex domain is through experiments. Every fortnight I curate some of the observations and insights that were shared on social media. I call these Friday’s Finds. hrheingold : “Don’t refuse to believe; refuse to start out believing.” ” #crapdetection.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JULY 7, 2015
The article makes a strong case for flexicurity - shorthand for flexible security, - a social model from the Nordic countries which aims to achieve both flexibility in labor markets and security for workers. Like me, many workers enjoyed relatively secure, stable jobs and a number of company benefits, including health care insurance, vacations and retirement pensions. Entrepreneurship and flexible security.
Dave Snowden
NOVEMBER 13, 2017
Returning yesterday from my first TedX in Cyprus I was chatting with Sonja Blignaut about some upcoming activities and differences between approaches to sense-making and complexity. Now it is an understandable issue; if you work for yourself then securing revenue is as vital and shooting, or failing to rehire the messenger is all to frequent. In a complex system we: start journeys with a general sense of direction but without precise targets.
David Weinberger
APRIL 1, 2015
Juliette Kayyem , a former Boston Globe columnist, a commentator, Homeland Security advisor to Gov. Deval Patrick, and a former candidate for governor of Massachusetts, is giving a Shorenstein Center talk about how to talk with the public about security issues. Juliette oversaw the local Homeland Security response to the Marathon Bombing and had participated in the security planning. She learned that last lesson from her security experience.
Harold Jarche
JULY 28, 2017
“I suspect that the clean, uncomplicated notions put forward in the book [Organizing for Complexity, by Frédéric Laloux] will be undone by context, the actual details of implementation and to a large extent power-dynamics (for example, autocratic ‘Teal’ leaders making ‘non-Teal’ people do things they don’t want to do). And like all instruments it appeals to a certain instrumental logic, one that craves a simpler world and shies away from complexity.
Martijn Linssen
DECEMBER 9, 2013
The background: A gentleman who makes a living “reducing complexity” for IT systems keeps running into some of us on Twitter who study complexity. The ask: There is a group of complexity aficionados that criticize my use of the word “complexity.” ” In general, these are folks who are influenced by the Cynefin framework that considers complexity and complicated to be different attributes of a system. The Emergence of Complexity.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
SEPTEMBER 18, 2013
A firms is best viewed as a kind-of rather large and highly complex family. We also form companies and other such organizations to get things done in our work, especially more complex objectives that require the collective skills of multiple people. We depend on colleagues to do well in our jobs, and to achieve whatever professional recognition and financial security we are after.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 7, 2015
Things are even tougher with people-centric sociotechnical systems, which not only have to deal with potential software problems, but with the even more complex issues involved in human behaviors and interactions. And, at the bleeding-edges of complexity are data-driven AI systems , which are generally based on statistical analysis and machine learning methods. . What is it that makes these systems so intrinsically complex? What purpose does this complexity serve?
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MARCH 18, 2011
The workshop explored how design-oriented approaches can help us better understand and deal with the very complex problems we are increasingly encountering in all aspects of business, economies, government, public policy, military operations and society in general. Some of the areas explored by the Forum are emerging technologies, organizational development, economic competition, and the changing concept of security.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
SEPTEMBER 17, 2014
On September 9, Apple announced Apple Pay , an easy, secure way to make mobile payments using their latest devices , - the iPhone 6’s and Apple Watch. Apple Pay is embracing a number of industry standards , including NFC (near-field communications) for contact-less payments; Secure Element , a dedicated device chip; and network-based tokenization to protect sensitive financial data.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 6, 2012
While the skeptics’ concerns, - security, reliability, privacy, costs and others, - are quite real, the hardest part of implementing cloud strategies has little to do with technology. Cloud computing is a highly complex initiative - at the technical, business and organizational levels. And, one of the key lessons we all hopefully learned from the dot-com era is that complex, global initiatives take time. In June of 2008 I participated in a conference on cloud computing.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MAY 16, 2012
They generally exhibit a level of complexity that is often beyond our ability to understand and control. Not only do they have to deal with the complexities associated with large scale hardware and software infrastructures, but with the even more complex issues involved in human and organizational behaviors. . A few weeks ago, MIT professor Joseph Sussman addressed these issues in a lecture - Complex Sociotechnical Systems: The Case for a New Field of Study.
Stephen Downes: Half an Hour
JULY 31, 2007
Contributing factors include expanding networks, growing e-commerce, complex software, greater pressure to reduce time to market, and the ubiquity of computers. A system is only as secure as its weakest point. Feynman also got involved in safe-cracking - he would try to find patterns in the security. From a security implementor's point of view - stupid defenses only keep out stupid attackers. Planning for security in the design stage is rarely done.
Stephen Downes: Half an Hour
JULY 30, 2007
The key question is whether government and industry can collaborate successfully in a complex regulatory environment. The challenge is how to minimize the privacy and security risk without compromising health care. As the keynote said, you can paralyze the good stuff by trying to secure everything. In Canada - here is no legislation to inform people about breaches of security - in the U.S. They need help on security, compliance, risk management,etc.
Nancy White
JANUARY 19, 2009
Here’s what I’m up to this week - today prepping for the FAO/CGIAR/BIOVERSITY/WFP/IFAD joint 3 day knowledge Share Fair, with a close focus on KS in global development as it relates to agriculture and food security. One of the activities is a 90 second challenge to talk about what IS Knowledge Sharing… “Knowledge sharing is necessary to do complex work in a complex world&#.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MAY 8, 2021
Beyond GDP, it highlights the importance to society of providing workers with well-paying, reasonably secure, motivating jobs. Any definition presupposes a set of values about what matters – sustainability for some, productivity or security for others.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
FEBRUARY 22, 2012
While business and government have clearly different objectives, many of the challenges involved in managing a complex, fast changing organization are similar. If large global companies have had to embrace a more distributed management style, why not large, complex governments? He believes that a number of key responsibilities must remain with the federal government, including Social Security and Medicare benefits. “. Your social security number is good anywhere.”.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MARCH 27, 2021
Many company leaders have encountered major roadblocks along their path toward cloud or have gotten cold feet once they questioned its impact on costs, security, latency, and more. Security of in-house data centers is superior to the security on cloud.
Mind Hacks
DECEMBER 1, 2010
Those who were more secure in their relationships reacted in the opposite way – they remembered mum as being closer and more caring when they took the oxytocin. Not Exactly Rocket Science elegantly covers a new study that counters the tired ‘love drug’ stereotype associated with the hormone oxytocin.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MARCH 20, 2021
With this innovation trajectory, security and confidentiality become even more important… As with health care, ‘informed consent’ becomes more important as recommenders grow more powerful, pervasive, and predictive.”.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 10, 2021
First, blockchain technologies can help us enhance the security of Internet transactions and data, by developing a layer with the required standard services and their open source implementations for secure communication, storage and data access.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
NOVEMBER 21, 2020
must innovate to rebalance the desire of employers for low-cost, minimal commitment, and maximal flexibility, with the necessity that workers receive fair treatment, reasonable compensation, and a measure of economic security.
Clay Shirky
APRIL 1, 2010
The Times’ Paywall and Newsletter Economics » The Collapse of Complex Business Models. In 1988, Joseph Tainter wrote a chilling book called The Collapse of Complex Societies. Every one of those groups had rich traditions, complex social structures, advanced technology, but despite their sophistication, they collapsed, impoverishing and scattering their citizens and leaving little but future archeological sites as evidence of previous greatness. Clay Shirky.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
FEBRUARY 6, 2021
Remediate and adapt : “Identify shortcomings in existing IT environments such as decision support systems, remote work, and business/IT resiliency as well as addressing shortcomings in areas such as connectivity/security introduced during initial emergency responses.”.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
DECEMBER 16, 2019
Conducted by Gallup in partnership with the MetLife Foundation and the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors , the study aimed to develop two key financial measures: how secure do people feel around the world, and how much control and influence they believe they have over their financial situations.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 24, 2021
Mental health conditions now account for 35 percent of claims for Supplemental Security Income or Disability I nsurance.”. Complex Systems Diversity Economic Issues Education and Talent Healthcare Systems Management and Leadership Media and Communications Political Issues Society and Culture
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JULY 18, 2020
AI has the potential to significantly advance national security. The report recommends that national security agencies adopt AI-enabled systems in key areas where AI can help them better understand and execute their missions. Apply AI to National Security Missions.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JUNE 6, 2020
Rather than keeping the data siloed within the institution that collected it, a variety of institutions share and exchange the critical data required to validate identities in a secure, decentralized manner without the need for large central platforms.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
FEBRUARY 20, 2021
Ensure security, privacy, autonomy, and citizen-owned identities. In a world increasingly driven by digital transactions and data, our existing methods for managing security, privacy , and digital identities are far from adequate.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
OCTOBER 8, 2007
Home Archives Subscribe « Welcome to Adam Smiths World | Main | Social networks and Organizational Governance » October 08, 2007 The Complex Chemistry between Brands and Customers - Some Personal Experiences People have very complex relationships with companies and the products and services they offer. " The relationship between a brand and its customers is a complex one indeed, full of emotional connections and chemistry.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
OCTOBER 3, 2020
Blockchains support the secure exchange of value in the form of tokens. “Tokens might function as digital representations of physical assets, as a reward mechanism to incentivize network participants, or to enable the creation and exchange of new forms of value.”.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
FEBRUARY 27, 2021
As firms increasingly rely on supply chain partners for many of the functions once done in-house, managing their increasingly complex operations across a network of interconnected institutions has become major challenge.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MAY 2, 2020
These included a significant expansion of government support for scientific research in universities and R&D labs, leading to product innovations from the private sector and better weapons from the defense industry, - and making the US the most prosperous and secure nation in the world.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MAY 9, 2020
Good design aims to make our interactions with complex products and institutions, - e.g., a business, a healthcare provider, a classroom, a government function, - as appealing and intuitive as possible.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
APRIL 25, 2020
To reach a higher level of privacy and security, we need to establish a trusted data ecosystem for each kind of identity, which requires the exchange and sharing of data across a variety of institutions.
Dave Snowden
APRIL 8, 2021
Still, it is relevant to the group and context it came from and valuable in its connection with a complex of personal experiences. This may be particularly strong for younger people, although fewer of those participated in this collection, so a secure trend cannot be established.
Harold Jarche
APRIL 7, 2021
Complex, new problems need tacit and implicit knowledge to solve them. So if you are in a complex situation, like a pandemic, you need to have exceptions front-of-mind. The easy route is to just comply, as we have been doing with ‘security theatre’ at airports for years.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
JULY 29, 2019
It succinctly defines blockchain as “a shared, decentralized, cryptographically secured, and immutable digital ledger,” and then adds a few key attributes that are particularly important to enterprise blockchains: Accountability. Security. “Enterprise blockchains are fault-tolerant. But, to keep InternetOne as simple and flexible as possible, just about everything else, - including identity and security management, - became the responsibility of the applications in InternetTwo.
Irving Wladawsky-Berger
MARCH 9, 2020
The framework includes five categories of skills: communicating, collaborating and sharing online; handling information and content securely; buying, selling and managing transactions; finding solutions to problems using digital tools; and being safe and legal online.
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